Of a high tannin content material (Kraus et al. ; Tomlinson. They might also harbor lower invertebrate diversity and biomass than terrestrial forests,even though comparative information are scarce (Intachat et al. ; Nagelkerken et al Nevertheless this review has shown that diverse lemur species are capable to work with mangroves in some circumstances. The published and purchase AZ6102 unpublished observations collected here pretty much double the number of lemur species recognized to take place in mangroves and,alongside a recent critique (Donati et alincrease the recognized variety of global primate species working with this habitat by pretty much ,from to (Nowak. In addition they add a new household (Lepilemuridae) and two new genera (Lepilemur,Mirza) to the worldwide list. We now know that of lemur species venture into mangroves in a minimum of part of their range,Use of Mangroves by Lemursa higher percentage given that about half of Madagascar’s lemur species do not have distributions encompassing coastal areas,and virtually of species are restricted to eastern regions from which mangroves are largely absent. Primarily based on a visual interpretation of distribution maps (Mittermeier et alI estimate that lemur species have identified ranges likely to encompass mangrove locations,and of those species have now been recorded within them. These findings suggest that the facultative use of mangroves is a lot more widespread among lemurs than was previously thought,even though there remains no proof that any lemurs are obligate or specialist mangrove dwellers. The lack of specialist mangrove species may very well be considered surprising provided that quite a few lemur species (Hapalemur spp Prolemur simus) are adapted to feeding on plants rich in unpalatable chemical components,e.g bamboos (Poaceae: Glander et al. ; Yamashita et aland one particular (Hapalemur alaotrensis) is restricted to aquatic vegetation within a freshwater wetland and may sometimes swim (Petter and Peyri as ; Rendigs et al As a result neither the unpalatability nor the common inundation of mangroves require necessarily have constituted a barrier for the evolution of mangrove use by species in these genera. Lemurs had been reported to make use of mangroves for a wide variety of reasons,including to rest or sleep in,to rest inside the shade during hot parts of the day,to move between patches of forest,to forage on mangrove tree sources (fruit,flowers,leaves),to feed on minerals,and to drink water. Some mostly insectivorous,nocturnal species,e.g. Microcebus spp Mirza zaza,might also happen to be foraging nonvegetal sources,e.g. invertebrates,even though foraging was only suspected by the observers and not confirmed. Mangroves may possibly also offer a refuge from predation for some primate species owing to their common inundation (Matsuda et al. ; Nowak. Although evidence is lacking,this may also be a issue for some lemurs for the reason that nonavian lemur predators,which consist of Euplerid carnivores,domestic and feral cats and dogs,and a variety of snakes (Gardner et al. ; Goodman ; Scheumann et alare not known to happen in Madagascar’s mangroves. In addition,mangroves may possibly present a refuge from human hunters,who target lemurs through much of Madagascar (Borgerson et al. ; Gardner and Davies ; Golden et al. ; Razafimanahaka et al PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383499 The extent to which diverse species use mangroves varies tremendously,and a few species might take place in this habitat only sometimes or under rare situations. One example is,Cortni Borgerson (pers. comm.) observed Eulemur albifrons within a mangrove only as soon as,despite walking via that mangrove frequently over the course of multiple field seasons. Bay.