Sed on the image: It really is crowded) six.2.1. Age Markers: Neologisms, Dysfluencies, Off-Topic Comments, and False Starts Age markers did not differ for H.M. versus the controls. The imply variety of neologisms was 0.00 per TLC response for H.M. versus a mean of 0.03 for the controls (SD = 0.05), a non-reliable 0.60 SD distinction with Ns as well modest for meaningful analysis. Dysfluencies (“um”s and “uh”s) had been no additional popular for H.M. than the controls. The imply number of “um”s per TLC response was 0.00 for H.M. versus 0.34 for the controls (SD = 0.52), a non-reliable difference. The mean number of “uh”s per TLC response was 0.10 for H.M. versus 0.48 for the controls (SD = 1.04), a non-reliable 0.37 SD difference. The imply number of off-topic comments per response was 0.ten for H.M. versus 0.36 for the controls (SD = 0.42), a non-reliable 0.63 SD difference. False begins or changes in an ongoing responseBrain Sci. 2013,(excluding error corrections) were no much more common for H.M. than the controls. The imply number of false begins per response was 0.10 for H.M. versus 0.06 for the controls (SD = 0.07), a non-reliable 0.86 SD difference. 6.two.2. Elaborative Repetitions, Stutters, and Unmodified Word String Repetitions The mean quantity of elaborative repetitions per response was 0.25 for H.M. versus 0.04 for the controls (SD = 0.05), a reputable 4.20 SD difference. The mean variety of stutters per response was 0.1 for H.M. versus 0.24 for the controls (SD = 0.21), a non-reliable 0.67 SD difference. The imply variety of unmodified word string repetitions per response was 0.1 for H.M. versus 0.06 for the controls (SD = 0.07), a non-reliable 0.57 SD difference. six.3. Discussion six.3.1. Minor Retrieval purchase CC-115 (hydrochloride) errors H.M. made no much more minor retrieval errors involving phrases, words, or phonological units than the controls in Study 2C (see also [20,32]). These outcomes suggest that H.M.’s mechanisms for retrieving and sequencing phrases in sentences, words in phrases, and phonological units in syllables are intact, consistent with (a) his undamaged frontal cortex (see [72]), and (b) in depth proof indicating that retrieval mechanisms are localized in frontal locations, e.g., Chang et al. [73], exactly where exceptionally localized higher gamma (HG, 7000 Hz) activity in the prefrontal cortex immediately preceded and PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21336546 apparently determined response-related retrieval of particular target phonemes (for added proof consistent with a frontal locus for retrieval mechanisms, see [74]). 6.three.two. Age Markers: Neologisms, False Starts, Dysfluencies, and Off-Topic Comments H.M. made no more neologisms, false begins, dysfluencies and off-topic comments than memory-normal controls in Study 2C, benefits that rule out exaggerated effects of aging as the basis for H.M.’s communication deficits due to the fact these phenomena boost reliably with aging (see e.g., [620]). These findings, with each other with H.M.’s typical rate of minor retrieval errors, also rule out aphasia, simply because left hemisphere aphasics create reliably extra neologisms, dysfluencies, and retrieval errors than normal controls (see e.g., [758]). The close parallels between H.M.’s deficits in language and visual cognition (see [31]) also render implausible the hypothesis that H.M.’s language deficits reflect incipient or difficult-to-detect left- but not right-hemisphere white matter damage (see [72]). What then on the preliminary observations that raised the query of regardless of whether H.M. exhibits compound category-specific aphasia, with extra neo.