In subgenus Xenopus [42]. Xenopus epitropicalis is distinguished by having longer interpulse intervals ( 22 msec) than the other species ( 10 msec); X. tropicalis is distinguished by higher intensity modulation ( 38) compared to the other species (which is 10, Table 4) [42]. Similar to subgenus Xenopus, body size and lateral-lines are insufficient for differentiating species of subgenus Silurana (Tables 1?). Our studies of variation of body size and the number of lateral-line plaques around the eye suggest that these are jasp.12117 not useful for diagnosing species of Silurana in contrast to previous suggestions [15, 55]. The number of lateral-line plaques around the eye for each species exhibits overlapping variation (Table 3). We provide a detailed description of X. calcaratus and the new species, and short descriptions regarding the two existing species, X. epitropicalis and X. tropicalis. Xenopus (Silurana) calcaratus Peters, 1875. Biafran Clawed Frog Silurana new tetraploid 2 sensu Evans et al. (2004) Syntypes.–ZMB 8255 (originally three specimens, only two adult females are known to be present in ZMB MB 8255A and ZMB 74681 (formerly 8255B), ZMB 8326, originally two specimens, one adult female (ZMB 8326A) and one juvenile (ZMB 74682; formerly 8326B), ZMB 8328, originally five specimens, only four GSK343 web specimens are known to be present in ZMB, (ZMB 8328A-D, including one tadpole in GSK343 biological activity metamorphosis), ZMB 8329 (one tadpole inPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142823 December 16,11 /Six New Species of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus)Table 2. Summary of snout vent length (SVL) in milimeters for African clawed frogs. species subgenus Silurana X. calcaratus X. epitropicalis X. mellotropicalis X. tropicalis subgenus Xenopus amieti group X. allofraseri X. amieti X. andrei X. boumbaensis X. cf. boumbaensis X. eysoole X. fraseri* X. itombwensis X. kobeli X. lenduensis X. longipes X. parafraseri X. pygmaeus X. ruwenzoriensis* X. wittei X. vestitus laevis group X. gilli X. laevis X. poweri X. victorianus muelleri group X. borealis X. clivii X. fischbergi X. muelleri X. largeni 57 62 56 73 45 75 78 63 81 54 16 13 8 6 5 20 24 6 19 9 40 50 51 57 41 48 59 52 61 44 7 7 2 3 1 8 25 2 13 13 51 86 59 60 61 119 71 68 6 15 6 10 65 43 16 10 39 63 46 50 42 83 56 57 2 11 11 3 22 66 22 14 34 45 48 36 45 48 36 42 48 30 37 33 38 49 49 48 49 53 53 48 52 38 47 56 34 42 36 48 54 54 7 2 4 9 4 6 3 3 5 2 3 3 2 3 6 17 6 11 31 11 9 2 7 27 8 14 2 4 17 38 35 37 35 34 35 40 35 31 35 40 26 34 28 37 41 40 38 40 37 37 37 42 37 37 38 46 29 38 28 39 45 43 3 2 2 3 journal.pone.0158910 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 4 1 2 3 2 6 10 12 13 14 4 2 12 7 15 8 3 2 6 15 17 44 56 53 51 59 68 58 59 12 5 6 10 19 12 14 18 43 45 42 49 51 44 2 3 2 12 12 16 aveF maxF stdevF #F aveM maxM stdevM #MData include average SVL for females and males (aveF, aveM, respectively), the maximum SVLs (maxF, maxM, respectively), standard deviations (stdevF and stdevM, respectively), and the number of individuals measured (#F, #M). Data from X. vestitus are from Tinsley (1973). Dashes indicate missing data for listed species; data are entirely missing for X. petersii. * sex of maximum-sized individual was ambiguous but listed in male LY294002MedChemExpress LY294002 column. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142823.tmetamorphosis), “Cameruns (Victoria)” [presently Limbe, Southwest Province, Republic of Cameroon], coll. Reichenow; based on Bauer et al. [56], verified and detailed by VG with help of F. Tillack (ZMB). Two syntypes were listed in get GSK343 Zoologischen Museums Greifswald [57], but no further details w.In subgenus Xenopus [42]. Xenopus epitropicalis is distinguished by having longer interpulse intervals ( 22 msec) than the other species ( 10 msec); X. tropicalis is distinguished by higher intensity modulation ( 38) compared to the other species (which is 10, Table 4) [42]. Similar to subgenus Xenopus, body size and lateral-lines are insufficient for differentiating species of subgenus Silurana (Tables 1?). Our studies of variation of body size and the number of lateral-line plaques around the eye suggest that these are jasp.12117 not useful for diagnosing species of Silurana in contrast to previous suggestions [15, 55]. The number of lateral-line plaques around the eye for each species exhibits overlapping variation (Table 3). We provide a detailed description of X. calcaratus and the new species, and short descriptions regarding the two existing species, X. epitropicalis and X. tropicalis. Xenopus (Silurana) calcaratus Peters, 1875. Biafran Clawed Frog Silurana new tetraploid 2 sensu Evans et al. (2004) Syntypes.–ZMB 8255 (originally three specimens, only two adult females are known to be present in ZMB MB 8255A and ZMB 74681 (formerly 8255B), ZMB 8326, originally two specimens, one adult female (ZMB 8326A) and one juvenile (ZMB 74682; formerly 8326B), ZMB 8328, originally five specimens, only four specimens are known to be present in ZMB, (ZMB 8328A-D, including one tadpole in metamorphosis), ZMB 8329 (one tadpole inPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142823 December 16,11 /Six New Species of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus)Table 2. Summary of snout vent length (SVL) in milimeters for African clawed frogs. species subgenus Silurana X. calcaratus X. epitropicalis X. mellotropicalis X. tropicalis subgenus Xenopus amieti group X. allofraseri X. amieti X. andrei X. boumbaensis X. cf. boumbaensis X. eysoole X. fraseri* X. itombwensis X. kobeli X. lenduensis X. longipes X. parafraseri X. pygmaeus X. ruwenzoriensis* X. wittei X. vestitus laevis group X. gilli X. laevis X. poweri X. victorianus muelleri group X. borealis X. clivii X. fischbergi X. muelleri X. largeni 57 62 56 73 45 75 78 63 81 54 16 13 8 6 5 20 24 6 19 9 40 50 51 57 41 48 59 52 61 44 7 7 2 3 1 8 25 2 13 13 51 86 59 60 61 119 71 68 6 15 6 10 65 43 16 10 39 63 46 50 42 83 56 57 2 11 11 3 22 66 22 14 34 45 48 36 45 48 36 42 48 30 37 33 38 49 49 48 49 53 53 48 52 38 47 56 34 42 36 48 54 54 7 2 4 9 4 6 3 3 5 2 3 3 2 3 6 17 6 11 31 11 9 2 7 27 8 14 2 4 17 38 35 37 35 34 35 40 35 31 35 40 26 34 28 37 41 40 38 40 37 37 37 42 37 37 38 46 29 38 28 39 45 43 3 2 2 3 journal.pone.0158910 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 4 1 2 3 2 6 10 12 13 14 4 2 12 7 15 8 3 2 6 15 17 44 56 53 51 59 68 58 59 12 5 6 10 19 12 14 18 43 45 42 49 51 44 2 3 2 12 12 16 aveF maxF stdevF #F aveM maxM stdevM #MData include average SVL for females and males (aveF, aveM, respectively), the maximum SVLs (maxF, maxM, respectively), standard deviations (stdevF and stdevM, respectively), and the number of individuals measured (#F, #M). Data from X. vestitus are from Tinsley (1973). Dashes indicate missing data for listed species; data are entirely missing for X. petersii. * sex of maximum-sized individual was ambiguous but listed in male column. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142823.tmetamorphosis), “Cameruns (Victoria)” [presently Limbe, Southwest Province, Republic of Cameroon], coll. Reichenow; based on Bauer et al. [56], verified and detailed by VG with help of F. Tillack (ZMB). Two syntypes were listed in Zoologischen Museums Greifswald [57], but no further details w.In subgenus Xenopus [42]. Xenopus epitropicalis is distinguished by having longer interpulse intervals ( 22 msec) than the other species ( 10 msec); X. tropicalis is distinguished by higher intensity modulation ( 38) compared to the other species (which is 10, Table 4) [42]. Similar to subgenus Xenopus, body size and lateral-lines are insufficient for differentiating species of subgenus Silurana (Tables 1?). Our studies of variation of body size and the number of lateral-line plaques around the eye suggest that these are jasp.12117 not useful for diagnosing species of Silurana in contrast to previous suggestions [15, 55]. The number of lateral-line plaques around the eye for each species exhibits overlapping variation (Table 3). We provide a detailed description of X. calcaratus and the new species, and short descriptions regarding the two existing species, X. epitropicalis and X. tropicalis. Xenopus (Silurana) calcaratus Peters, 1875. Biafran Clawed Frog Silurana new tetraploid 2 sensu Evans et al. (2004) Syntypes.–ZMB 8255 (originally three specimens, only two adult females are known to be present in ZMB MB 8255A and ZMB 74681 (formerly 8255B), ZMB 8326, originally two specimens, one adult female (ZMB 8326A) and one juvenile (ZMB 74682; formerly 8326B), ZMB 8328, originally five specimens, only four specimens are known to be present in ZMB, (ZMB 8328A-D, including one tadpole in metamorphosis), ZMB 8329 (one tadpole inPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142823 December 16,11 /Six New Species of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus)Table 2. Summary of snout vent length (SVL) in milimeters for African clawed frogs. species subgenus Silurana X. calcaratus X. epitropicalis X. mellotropicalis X. tropicalis subgenus Xenopus amieti group X. allofraseri X. amieti X. andrei X. boumbaensis X. cf. boumbaensis X. eysoole X. fraseri* X. itombwensis X. kobeli X. lenduensis X. longipes X. parafraseri X. pygmaeus X. ruwenzoriensis* X. wittei X. vestitus laevis group X. gilli X. laevis X. poweri X. victorianus muelleri group X. borealis X. clivii X. fischbergi X. muelleri X. largeni 57 62 56 73 45 75 78 63 81 54 16 13 8 6 5 20 24 6 19 9 40 50 51 57 41 48 59 52 61 44 7 7 2 3 1 8 25 2 13 13 51 86 59 60 61 119 71 68 6 15 6 10 65 43 16 10 39 63 46 50 42 83 56 57 2 11 11 3 22 66 22 14 34 45 48 36 45 48 36 42 48 30 37 33 38 49 49 48 49 53 53 48 52 38 47 56 34 42 36 48 54 54 7 2 4 9 4 6 3 3 5 2 3 3 2 3 6 17 6 11 31 11 9 2 7 27 8 14 2 4 17 38 35 37 35 34 35 40 35 31 35 40 26 34 28 37 41 40 38 40 37 37 37 42 37 37 38 46 29 38 28 39 45 43 3 2 2 3 journal.pone.0158910 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 4 1 2 3 2 6 10 12 13 14 4 2 12 7 15 8 3 2 6 15 17 44 56 53 51 59 68 58 59 12 5 6 10 19 12 14 18 43 45 42 49 51 44 2 3 2 12 12 16 aveF maxF stdevF #F aveM maxM stdevM #MData include average SVL for females and males (aveF, aveM, respectively), the maximum SVLs (maxF, maxM, respectively), standard deviations (stdevF and stdevM, respectively), and the number of individuals measured (#F, #M). Data from X. vestitus are from Tinsley (1973). Dashes indicate missing data for listed species; data are entirely missing for X. petersii. * sex of maximum-sized individual was ambiguous but listed in male column. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142823.tmetamorphosis), “Cameruns (Victoria)” [presently Limbe, Southwest Province, Republic of Cameroon], coll. Reichenow; based on Bauer et al. [56], verified and detailed by VG with help of F. Tillack (ZMB). Two syntypes were listed in Zoologischen Museums Greifswald [57], but no further details w.In subgenus Xenopus [42]. Xenopus epitropicalis is distinguished by having longer interpulse intervals ( 22 msec) than the other species ( 10 msec); X. tropicalis is distinguished by higher intensity modulation ( 38) compared to the other species (which is 10, Table 4) [42]. Similar to subgenus Xenopus, body size and lateral-lines are insufficient for differentiating species of subgenus Silurana (Tables 1?). Our studies of variation of body size and the number of lateral-line plaques around the eye suggest that these are jasp.12117 not useful for diagnosing species of Silurana in contrast to previous suggestions [15, 55]. The number of lateral-line plaques around the eye for each species exhibits overlapping variation (Table 3). We provide a detailed description of X. calcaratus and the new species, and short descriptions regarding the two existing species, X. epitropicalis and X. tropicalis. Xenopus (Silurana) calcaratus Peters, 1875. Biafran Clawed Frog Silurana new tetraploid 2 sensu Evans et al. (2004) Syntypes.–ZMB 8255 (originally three specimens, only two adult females are known to be present in ZMB MB 8255A and ZMB 74681 (formerly 8255B), ZMB 8326, originally two specimens, one adult female (ZMB 8326A) and one juvenile (ZMB 74682; formerly 8326B), ZMB 8328, originally five specimens, only four specimens are known to be present in ZMB, (ZMB 8328A-D, including one tadpole in metamorphosis), ZMB 8329 (one tadpole inPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142823 December 16,11 /Six New Species of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus)Table 2. Summary of snout vent length (SVL) in milimeters for African clawed frogs. species subgenus Silurana X. calcaratus X. epitropicalis X. mellotropicalis X. tropicalis subgenus Xenopus amieti group X. allofraseri X. amieti X. andrei X. boumbaensis X. cf. boumbaensis X. eysoole X. fraseri* X. itombwensis X. kobeli X. lenduensis X. longipes X. parafraseri X. pygmaeus X. ruwenzoriensis* X. wittei X. vestitus laevis group X. gilli X. laevis X. poweri X. victorianus muelleri group X. borealis X. clivii X. fischbergi X. muelleri X. largeni 57 62 56 73 45 75 78 63 81 54 16 13 8 6 5 20 24 6 19 9 40 50 51 57 41 48 59 52 61 44 7 7 2 3 1 8 25 2 13 13 51 86 59 60 61 119 71 68 6 15 6 10 65 43 16 10 39 63 46 50 42 83 56 57 2 11 11 3 22 66 22 14 34 45 48 36 45 48 36 42 48 30 37 33 38 49 49 48 49 53 53 48 52 38 47 56 34 42 36 48 54 54 7 2 4 9 4 6 3 3 5 2 3 3 2 3 6 17 6 11 31 11 9 2 7 27 8 14 2 4 17 38 35 37 35 34 35 40 35 31 35 40 26 34 28 37 41 40 38 40 37 37 37 42 37 37 38 46 29 38 28 39 45 43 3 2 2 3 journal.pone.0158910 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 4 1 2 3 2 6 10 12 13 14 4 2 12 7 15 8 3 2 6 15 17 44 56 53 51 59 68 58 59 12 5 6 10 19 12 14 18 43 45 42 49 51 44 2 3 2 12 12 16 aveF maxF stdevF #F aveM maxM stdevM #MData include average SVL for females and males (aveF, aveM, respectively), the maximum SVLs (maxF, maxM, respectively), standard deviations (stdevF and stdevM, respectively), and the number of individuals measured (#F, #M). Data from X. vestitus are from Tinsley (1973). Dashes indicate missing data for listed species; data are entirely missing for X. petersii. * sex of maximum-sized individual was ambiguous but listed in male column. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142823.tmetamorphosis), “Cameruns (Victoria)” [presently Limbe, Southwest Province, Republic of Cameroon], coll. Reichenow; based on Bauer et al. [56], verified and detailed by VG with help of F. Tillack (ZMB). Two syntypes were listed in Zoologischen Museums Greifswald [57], but no further details w.